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Creators/Authors contains: "Jiang, Ruijiao"

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  1. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres)
    Abstract High‐speed video and electric field change data were used to analyze the initiation and propagation of four predominantly vertical bidirectional leaders making connection to a predominantly horizontal channel previously formed aloft. The four bidirectional leaders sequentially developed along the same path and served to form a positive branch of the horizontal in‐cloud channel, which became a downward positive leader producing a 135‐kA positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) return stroke. The positive (lower) end of each bidirectional leader elongated abruptly at the time of connection of the negative (upper) end to the pre‐existing channel aloft. Thirty‐six negative streamer‐like filaments (resembling recently reported “needles”) extended sideways over ∼110 to 740 m from the pre‐existing horizontal channel at speeds of ∼0.5 to 1.9 × 107 m/s, in response to the injection of negative charge associated with the +CG. 
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  2. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (, Geophysical Research Letters)
    Abstract High‐speed video and electric field change data have been used to examine the initiation and propagation of 21 recoil leaders, 7 of which evolved into dart (or dart‐stepped) leaders (DLs) initiating return strokes and 14 were attempted leaders (ALs), in a Canton‐Tower upward flash. Three DLs and two ALs clearly exhibited bidirectional extension. Each DL was preceded by one or more ALs and initiated near the extremity of the positive end of the preceding AL. The positive end of each bidirectional DL generally appeared to be inactive (stationary) or intermittently propagated along the positive part of the preceding AL channel and extended into the virgin air. A sequence of two floating channel segments was formed ahead of the approaching positive end of one DL, causing its abrupt elongation. 
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  3. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (, Geophysical Research Letters)
    Abstract Using high‐speed video cameras operating with framing rates of 20 and 525 kfps, we imaged the attachment process of a natural negative cloud‐to‐ground flash, occurring at a distance of 490 m. Nine upward leaders were observed. A total of 12 space stems/leaders in 47 steps of the downward negative stepped leader were captured. The two‐dimensional length of them was between 2.0 and 5.9 m, with an average of 3.0 m. The average interstep interval, step length, and two‐dimensional speed of the downward negative leader and that of upward positive leader were statistically analyzed. The last step of the downward negative leader making contact with the upward connecting leader was recorded. The two‐dimensional length of the final imaged gap between the tips of opposite‐polarity leaders was estimated to be about 13 m. 
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